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Ethereum wurde Ende 2013 von [[Vitalik Buterin]] vorgeschlagen, einem Programmierer und Wissenschaftler zum Thema [[Kryptowährungen]]. Die Entwicklung wurde online durch eine [[Crowdfunding]]-Aktion angestoßen, die zwischen Juli und August 2014 lief.<ref name="forbes20160423" /> Live ging das System am 30. Juli 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etherchain.org/account/0x5abfec25f74cd88437631a7731906932776356f9|title=Accounts - etherchain.org - The ethereum blockchain explorer|last=etherchain.org|website=www.etherchain.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-30}}</ref>
2016 wurde Ethereum in zwei [[Blockchains]] aufgespalten, dies hatte als Ursache den war der Kollaps des Projekts "[[The DAO (organizationOrganisation)|The DAO]]", dadurch entstand [[Ethereum Classic]].<ref name="FTCBV">{{cite web|url=https://futurism.com/the-dao-heist-undone-97-of-eth-holders-vote-for-the-hard-fork/|title=The DAO Heist Undone: 97% of ETH Holders Vote for the Hard Fork|last=De Jesus|first=Cecille|date=19 July 2016|publisher=Futurism, LLC.|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="CNMVEHF">{{cite web|url=https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/miners-vote-overwhelmingly-support-ethereums-hardfork/|title=Miners Vote Overwhelmingly in Support of Ethereum's Hardfork|last=Quentson|first=Andrew|date=17 July 2016|publisher=Cryptocoinnews|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="CSHFS">{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/coindesk-research-spotlight-study-q3-ethereum-hard-fork/|title=CoinDesk Research: Ethereum Hard Fork Had Little Impact on Sentiment|last=Bradley|first=Miles|date=17 November 2016|publisher=Coindesk|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref>
== Geschichte ==
Ethereum wurde ursprünglich von [[Vitalik Buterin]] Ende 2013 in einem Entwurf festgehalten,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper|title=White Paper · ethereum/wiki Wiki · GitHub|publisher=}}</ref> einem Programmierer von [[Bitcoin]]. Hauptziel darin war das Entwickeln dezentraler Anwendungen.<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/01/ethereum/|title=Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web Into One Giant Bitcoin Network|last=Finley|first=Klint|date=27 January 2014|website=Wired|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Schneider-2014-04-07">{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/7/code-your-own-utopiameetethereumbitcoinasmostambitioussuccessor.html|title=Code your own utopia: Meet Ethereum, bitcoin's most ambitious successor|date=7 April 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera|last1=Schneider|first1=Nathan|accessdate=21 February 2016}}</ref> Buterins Hauptargument war, [[Bitcoin]] brauche eine eigene [[Skriptsprache]], um App-Entwicklungen umsetzen zu können. Da keine Einigung erzielt werden konnte, schlug er die Entwicklung einer komplett neuen Plattform mit einer einfacher zu benutzenden Skriptsprache vor.<ref name="DTREVO">{{cite book|last1=Tapscott|first1=Don|last2=Tapscott|first2=Alex|title=The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World|date=2016-05-07|publisher=Portfolio|isbn=978-0670069972}}</ref>{{rp|88}}
Zur Zeit der öffentlichen Bekanntmachung im Januar 2014, bestand das Kernentwickler-Team aus Vitalik Buterin, Mihai Alisie, Anthony Di Iorio und Charles Hoskinson.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/01/23/ethereum-now-going-public/ |title=Ethereum: Now Going Public |date=23 January 2014 |author=Vitalik Buterin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302035654/http://blog.ethereum.org/2014/01/23/ethereum-now-going-public/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref> Die offizielle Entwicklung des Ethereum-Software-Projekts fand im Frühjahr 2014 durch eine [[Schweiz|Schweizer]] Firma statt, die [[Ethereum Switzerland GmbH]] (''EthSuisse'').<ref name=et20140510>
{{cite news |last=Schmid|first=Valentin |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/668104-the-entrepreneur-joe-lubin-coo-of-ethereum/ |title=The Entrepreneur: Joe Lubin, COO of Ethereum |work=Epoch Times |date=10 May 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=bloomberg20160820>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=309484729 |title=Company Overview of Ethereum Switzerland GmbH |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2016-08-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=309484729 |archivedate=2016-08-20 |accessdate=2016-08-20 |quote= The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Baar, Switzerland. }}</ref> Kurz darauf im Anschluss wurde eine nicht-kommerzielle Schweizer Stiftung gegründet, die [[Stiftung Ethereum]]. Finanziell gestützt wurde die Entwicklung durch einen öffentlichen Online-[[crowdfunding|Crowdsale]] zwischen Juli und August 2014. Die Teilnehmer mussten die ersten "Ether" mit einer anderen Kryptowärhung kaufen: [[Bitcoin]].<ref name="forbes20160423">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/rogeraitken/2016/04/23/digital-gold-done-right-with-digixdao-crypto-trading-on-openledger/|title=Digital Gold 'Done Right' With DigixDAO Crypto-Trading On OpenLedger|last=Aitken|first=Roger|date=23 April 2016|work=Forbes|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref> Während auf der einen Seite bereits früh die technischen Innovationen von Ethereum gepriesen wurden, gab es ebenso kritische Stimmen bezüglich Sicherheit und Skalierbarkeit des Systems.<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014"/>
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=== Der Spaltung durch "The DAO-Hart-Fork " ===In 2016 a schaffte es eine [[decentralized autonomous organizationdezentrale autonome Organisation]] called genannt "[[The_DAO_(organization)|The DAO]]", a set of bestehend aus einer Reihe intelligenter Verträge [[smart contractcontracts]]s developed on the platform, raised a record welche mit Ethereum entwickelt wurden, die Rekordsumme von {{US$|150 millionMillionen}} in a durch einen [[Crowdfunding#Software_value_token|crowdsaleCrowdsale]] to fund the projectzu dessen Gründung zu erlösen.<ref name=WSJDAOCC>{{cite news |last=Vigna|first=Paul |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefless-company-rakes-in-more-than-100-million-1463399393 |title=Chiefless Company Rakes In More than $100 Million|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=16 May 2016|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> Im Juni des selben Jahres wurde "The DAO was exploited in June when " instrumentalisiert, da {{US$|50 millionMillionen}} in ether were claimed by an anonymous entityder Kryptowährung "Ether" durch eine anonyme Entität angefordert wurden.<ref name="NYTDAOHACK">{{cite news|last=Popper|first=Nathaniel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/business/dealbook/hacker-may-have-removed-more-than-50-million-from-experimental-cybercurrency-project.html|title=Hacker May Have Taken $50 Million From Cybercurrency Project|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 June 2016|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BIDAOHACK">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Rob|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|title=Digital Currency Ethereum is Cratering Amid Claims of a $50 Million Hack|website=Business Insider|publisher=Business Insider|date=17 June 2016|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> The event sparked a debate Das Ereignis führte zu heißen Diskussionen in the cryptoder Krypto-community about whether Community, ob Ethereum should perform a contentious sich einem umstrittenen "hard fork" to reappropriate the stolen fundsunterziehen sollte, um das gestohlene Vermögen wieder zurückfordern zu können.<ref name="IEEEDAOHK">{{Cite web|last=Peck|first=Morgan|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/hacked-blockchain-fund-the-dao-chooses-a-hard-fork-to-redistribute-funds|title="Hard Fork" Coming to Restore Ethereum Funds to Investors of Hacked DAO|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|publisher=IEEE|date=19 July 2016|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> As a result of the dispute, the network split in twoDas Ergebnis des Streits: aus einem Netzwerk wurden zwei, Ethereum (the subject of this articledas Thema dieses Artikels) and , sowie [[Ethereum Classic]]. The hard fork created a rivalry between the two networksDie Aufspaltung führte zu einem Konkurrenzkampf der beiden Netzwerke.<ref name="CD2ETHS">{{cite web|last=Hertig|first=Alyssa|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-classic-explained-blockchain/|title=Ethereum's Two Ethereums Explained|publisher=CoinDesk|date=28 July 2016|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>
== Architecture Architektur ==
=== Ether ===
{{Infobox currency
| inflation_method =
}}
{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html |title=Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin’s |last=Popper|first=Nathaniel |date=27 March 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate= 2 September 2016 }}</ref>
=== Die Ethereum -Virtual -Machine ===The Die [[VM]] von Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/introduction/what-is-ethereum.html#ethereum-virtual-machine|title=What is Ethereum? — Ethereum Homestead 0.1 documentation|website=ethdocs.org}}</ref><ref name="IESevm">{{cite book|last=Dannen|first=Chris|date=2017|chapter=The EVM|title=Introducing Ethereum and Solidity: Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners|publisher=Apress|pages=47–67|ISBN=9781484225356}}</ref> is the runtime environment for ist die Entwicklungsumgebung um intelligente Verträge [[smart contracts ]] in Ethereumzu schreiben. The formal definition of the Die formelle Definition der EVM is specified wurde durch Gavin Wood in the Ethereum einem [[Yellow Paper by Gavin Wood]] spezifiziert.<ref>[http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf Ethereum Yellow Paper] by Gavin Wood</ref><ref name="DEBA20">{{cite report|last=Triantafyllidis|first=Nikolaos Petros|date=19 February 2016|chapter=The Ethereum Project: Ethereum History|title=Developing an Ethereum Blockchain Application|publisher=University of Amsterdam|page=20}}</ref> It is sandboxed and also completely isolated from the networkDiese läuft in einer [[Sandbox]] und ist ebenso komplett vom Netzwerk, filesystem or other processes of the host computer systemsowie dem Dateisystem und den internen Prozessen des Host-Systems isoliert. Every Jeder Knoten im Ethereum node in the network runs an -Netzwerk stellt eine EVM implementation and executes the same instructionsbereit und führt die selben Instruktionen aus. Ethereum Virtual Machines have been implemented Es kursieren Umsetzungen der EVM in [[C++]], [[Go (programming languageProgrammiersprache)|Go]], [[Haskell (programming languageProgrammiersprache)|Haskell]], [[Java (programming languageProgrammiersprache)|Java]], [[Python (programming languageProgrammiersprache)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming languageProgrammiersprache)|Ruby]], [[Rust (programming languageProgrammiersprache)|Rust]], and und [[WebAssembly]] (currently under developmentbefindet sich derzeit noch in Entwicklung).<ref name=AADCBTclients>{{cite book|last1=Asharaf|first1=S.|last2=Adarsh|first2=S.|date=2017|chapter=Appendix 1: Ethereum Clients|title=Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart Contracts: Emerging Research and Opportunities|publisher=IGI Global|page=98|isbn=9781522521938}}</ref><ref name="eWASM">{{cite web|url=https://www.crypto-news.net/ethereum-devs-publish-roadmap-for-evm-upgrade/|last=Dannen|first=Chris|date=27 March 2017|title=Ethereum Devs Publish Roadmap for EVM Upgrade|publisher=CryptoNews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entethalliance.atlassian.net/wiki/display/EEA/Ethereum+Client+Implementations|title=Ethereum Client Implementations - EntEthAlliance - Confluence|website=entethalliance.atlassian.net}}</ref>
=== Smart Intelligente Verträge (smart contracts ) ==={{main article|Smart contract}}[[Smart contract]]s are deterministic exchange mechanisms controlled by digital means that can carry out the direct transaction of value between untrusted sind "deterministische Mechanismen des Austauschs", kontrolliert auf ausschließliche digitale Weise, die in der Lage sind, direkte Transaktionen von Werten zwischen nicht-vertrauenswürdigen [[Agent (economics)|agentsAgenten]]auszuführen.<ref name=SZABOISC>{{cite web|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/idea.html|last=Szabo|first=Nick|date=1997|title=The Idea of Smart Contracts}}</ref> They can be used to facilitateDiese können dazu benutzt werden, um das Verifizieren, verifyÜberprüfen, and enforce the negotiation or performance of economically-laden procedural instructions and potentially circumvent Durchführen und Verhandeln von wirtschaftlich belasteten Verfahrensanweisungen zu gewährleisten und umgehen dadurch die [[censorshipZensur]], [[collusion]]geheime Absprachen, and [[Credit risk#Counterparty risk|countersowie das Gegenpartei-party risk]]Risiko. In Ethereum, werden "smart contracts are treated as autonomous scripts or [[State (computer science)|stateful]] decentralized applications that are stored " als autonome Skripte oder dezentrale Programme mit "Erinnerung" behandelt. Zur späteren Ausführung werden die Apps ebenfalls in the der Ethereum blockchain for later execution by the EVM-Blockchain gespeichert.Instructions embedded Die Instruktionen, die in Ethereum contracts are paid for -Verträge eingebettet sind, werden in ether (or more technically der Ethereum-Untereinheit "gas") and can be implemented bezahlt und können ebenfalls verschiedenartig in a variety of [[Turing complete]] scripting languages-kompletten Skriptsprachen implementiert sein.<ref name=CDUE/><ref name=AADCBTc1>{{cite book|last1=Asharaf|first1=S.|last2=Adarsh|first2=S.|date=2017|chapter=Bridging the Blockchain Knowledge Gap|title=Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart Contracts: Emerging Research and Opportunities|publisher=IGI Global|pages=1–20|isbn=9781522521938}}</ref>
==== Contracts on the public blockchain Verträge innerhalb der öffentlichen Blockchain ====As the contracts can be publicDa Verträge öffentlich gemacht werden können, it opens up the possibility to prove functionalityeröffnet sich die Möglichkeit Funktionalität zu beweisen, ez.gB. selfin der Eröffnung eines insich-contained [[provably fair]] casinosgeschlossenen, nachweislich-fairen Glücksspiel-Casinos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piasecki|first=Piotr J.|year=2016|title=Gaming Self-Contained Provably Fair Smart Contract Casinos|url=http://www.ledgerjournal.org/ojs/index.php/ledger/article/view/29|journal=[[Ledger (journal)|Ledger]]|volume=1|pages=99–110|doi=10.5195/ledger.2016.29}}</ref>
=== Programming languages Programmiersprachen ===
{{main article|Solidity}}
"Smart contracts are [[High" sind Hochsprachen-level programming language|highProgrammier-level]] programming [[Abstraction (software engineering)|abstractions]] that are compiled down to Abstraktionen, die für die EVM in Bytecode umgewandelt werden und dann in der Ethereum-[[bytecodeBlockchain]] and deployed to the Ethereum blockchain for executionzur Ausführung hinterlegt werden. They can be written Geschrieben werden diese in der Sprache [[Solidity]] (a language library with similarities to einer Programmier-Bibliothek, die [[C (programming language)|C]] and und [[JavaScript]]), sowie Serpent (similar to ähnlich wie [[Python (programming language)|Python]]), LLL (a [[Low-level programming language|low-level]] [[Lisp]]-like language), and und Mutan ([[Go (programming language)|Go]]-based, but deprecatedjedoch veraltet).<ref name=AADCBTlanguages>{{cite book|last1=Asharaf|first1=S.|last2=Adarsh|first2=S.|date=2017|title=Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart Contracts: Emerging Research and Opportunities|publisher=IGI Global|pages=71–72|isbn=9781522521938}}</ref> There is also a research-oriented language under development called In Entwicklung befindet sich ferner "Viper ", einer von (a [[Strong and weak typing|strongly-typed]] [[Python (programming language)|Python]]-derived abstammenden [[Recursive language|decidable languagerekursiven Sprache]]).<ref name=ETHNviper>{{cite web|last=Rivlin|first=Brianne|date=14 November 2016|title=Geth, Viper, and Wafr: New Ethereum Developments|publisher=ETHNews}}</ref>
=== Performance ===
In Ethereum all smart contracts are stored publicly on every node of the blockchainwerden alle intelligenten Verträge öffentlich innerhalb jeden Knotens der Blockchain gespeichert, which has trade-offswas Nachteile mit sich bringt.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-are-banks-actually-going-use-blockchains-smart-contracts-1539789|title=How are banks actually going to use blockchains and smart contracts?|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=25 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> The downside is that performance issues arise in that every node is calculating all the smart contracts in real timeDer entscheidende Nachteil liegt darin, dass die Probleme mit der Leistung daher rühren, resulting dass jeder Knoten die intelligenten Verträge in lower speedsEchtzeit berechnet und so die Geschwindigkeit verlangsamt.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/> Die Ingenieure von Ethereum engineers have been working on arbeiten deshalb am [[Shard (database architecture)|sharding]] the calculationsder Berechnungen, but no solution had been detailed by early doch bis zum Frühjahr 2016gab es hier keinerlei Details.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/> As of January 2016, the Ethereum protocol could process 25 transactions per second.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/> In Im September 2016, präsentierte Buterin presented proposals to increase scalabilitydann Vorschläge die Skalierbarkeit zu erhöhren.<ref name="CDSCALING2">{{Cite web|last=Rizzo|first=Pete|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-creator-vitalik-buterin-scaling-devcon2/|title=Ethereum's Creator Proves Blockchain Scaling Vision is No Joke|date=2016-09-19|publisher=CoinDesk|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref>
=== Der Anstieg der sich im Umlauf befindlichen "Ether supply increase rate " ===The supply of Ether was projected to increase by Für 2017 war ein Anstieg von 14.,75% in 2017der sich im Umlauf befindenden "Ether" geplant, gradually declining to welche schrittweise bis zum Jahr 2065 auf 1.,59% by 2065zurückgehen sollte.<ref>{{cite web | title= Spreadsheet of Ether inflation rate | work = Presale | publisher = [[Google Docs, Sheets and Slides|Google Docs]] | url = https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/150B9eytmjZ642tYD0jSdFZQHldmk7VG5Wm3KVctydpY/pubhtml | accessdate = 2017-07-04 }}</ref>{{unreliable source inline|date=July 2017}} However, a new implementation of Ethereum named Jedoch soll eine neue Implementierung mit der Bezeichnung "Casper" based on , basierend auf [[Proof-of-stake|proof of stake]] rather than statt [[Proof-of-work system|proof of work]] is expected to reduce the inflation rate to between , die Inflationsrate zwischen 0.,5% to und 2%drücken.<ref>{{cite web | last = Hertig | first = Alyssa | title = Where's Casper? Inside Ethereum's Race to Reinvent its Blockchain | publisher = CoinDesk | date = January 18, 2017 | url = http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-casper-proof-stake-rewrite-rules-blockchain/ | accessdate = 2017-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Buterin | first = Vitalik | title = Once Casper comes out, ~0.5-2% annual seems feasible. Once we add partial tx fee burning and if fees go up, may go to 0 or lower | publisher =[[Twitter]] | date = June 27, 2017 | url = https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/879858608091144193 | accessdate = 2017-07-04 }}</ref>
=== Proposed uses Vorgeschlagene Anwendungen ===Many uses have been proposed for Es gibt sehr viele Vorschläge, wie die Ethereum platform-Plattform genutzt werden könnte, including ones that are impossible or unfeasibleinklusive unmöglicher oder nicht umsetzbarer.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenspan|first1=Gideon|title=Why Many Smart Contract Use Cases Are Simply Impossible - CoinDesk|url=http://www.coindesk.com/three-smart-contract-misconceptions/|work=CoinDesk|date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/this-is-your-company-on-blockchain|title=This Is Your Company on Blockchain|last=|first=|date=|website=Bloomberg Businessweek|publisher=|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref><ref name="NYTEVCRB"/> Use cases proposals have included financeDazu zählen die Finanzwelt, the das [[Internet of Thingsder Dinge|internet-of-things]](IoT), [[farmBauernhof-tozum-table]] produce, [[Smart grid|electricity sourcing and pricingEsstisch]]-Produktion, and Preisung und Leitung von Elektrizität oder [[sports bettingSportwetten]].<ref name="NYTEVCRB"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cointelegraph.com/news/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-ethereum-sparks-up-googles-of-tomorrow|title=Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: Ethereum Sparks Up Googles of Tomorrow|last=Bordet|first=Julián|date=21 March 2016|website=The Cointelegraph|publisher=|access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref>
== Ecosystem Ökosystem ==The projects listed in this section are not exhaustive and may be outdatedDie hier gelisteten Projekte sind nicht sehr ausführlich und könnten bereits abgelaufen sein.
=== Clients and wallets und elektronische Geldbörsen ===* Geth — Client implementation geschrieben in Go<ref name=AADCBTclients/>* Jaxx — Web wallet-Wallet<ref name="BTCNJAXX">{{cite web|url=https://news.bitcoin.com/jaxx-the-new-fleet-of-bitcoin-ethereum-wallets/|last=Redman|first=Jamie|date=13 February 2016|title=Jaxx: The New Fleet of Bitcoin & Ethereum Wallets|publisher=Saint Bitts LLC}}</ref>* KeepKey — Hardware wallet-Wallet<ref name="ETHNkeepkey">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnews.com/keepkey-hard-wallet-supports-ethereum|last=Silva|first=Los|date=23 November 2016|title=KeepKey Hard Wallet Supports Ethereum|publisher=ETHNews}}</ref>* Ledger Nano S — Hardware wallet-Wallet<ref name="CDledger">{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ledger-blue-hardware-wallet-blockchain-smart-contracts/|last=Faife|first=Corin|date=26 November 2016|title=Ledger Launches Hardware Wallet for the Smart Contract Era|publisher=CoinDesk}}</ref>* Mist — Desktop walletDesktopWallet<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themerkle.com/a-review-of-the-bests-ethereum-wallets/|title=A Review of The Best Ethereum Wallets|publisher=}}</ref>* Parity — Client implementation geschrieben in Rust<ref name=AADCBTclients/>
=== Decentralized applications Dezentrale Apps ===
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* [[Digital signatureDigitale Signaturen]]s that ensure authenticity and proof of existence of documentsstellen die Authentizität und Existenz von Dokumenten sicher: the die [[Luxembourg Stock ExchangeBörse Luxemburg]] has developed such a systemhat solch ein System bereits entwickelt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bourse.lu/blockchain-press-release|title=Luxembourg Stock Exchange introduces blockchain into reporting service|last=|first=|date=2016-10-18|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>* Interactive grids for the Interaktive Netze für das [[Internet of Thingsder Dinge|Internet of Things der Dinge (IoT)]], such as verification for physical assets utilizing wie die Verifizierung physischer Vermögenswerte durch [[Bluetooth low energy]] and oder [[NFC]]-/[[near field communicationRFID]] chips-Chips.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/chronicled-introduces-new-ethereum-powered-iot-open-registry-cm670401|title=Chronicled Introduces New Ethereum-Powered IoT Open Registry|last=Young|first=Joseph|date=|work=|publisher=Nasdaq|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.econotimes.com/Ethcore-Announces-Pre-release-Of-Its-Blockchain-Technology-Suite-Parity-159339|title=Ethcore Announces Pre-release Of Its Blockchain Technology Suite ‘Parity’|date=11 February 2016|website=EconoTimes|accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref> ''Slock.It'' is developing entwickelt bereits [[smart lockintelligente Schlösser]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-based-slock-reveals-first-ever-lock-opened-money-1527014|title=Ethereum-based Slock.it reveals first ever lock opened with money|last=Allison|first=Ian|work=International Business Times UK}}</ref>* Digital tokens Digitale Münzen gebunden an [[Fixed exchangeFIAT Geld|FIAT-rate system|pegged]] to [[Fiat money|fiat currenciesWährungen]]: ''Decentralized CapitalDezentrales Kapital.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/decentralized-capital-issuing-fiat-backed-digital-assets-ethereum-blockchain-1580763|title=Decentralized Capital issuing fiat-backed digital assets on the Ethereum blockchain|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=12 September 2016|website=International Business Times|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Spanish bank Die spanische Bank [[Santander Bank|Santander]] is also involved ist ebenfalls in such a projectsolch ein Projekt involviert<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/santander-confirms-fiat-backed-token-project-on-ethereum-blockchain|title=Santander Confirms Fiat-backed Token Project on Ethereum Blockchain|newspaper=CoinTelegraph|access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref>* Digital tokens Digitale Münzen gebunden an [[Fixed exchange-rate system|pegged]] to [[goldGold]]: ''Digix''<ref name="forbes20160423" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://themerkle.com/digixdao-dgd-assets-to-be-listed-on-openledger/|title=DigixDAO DGD Assets To Be Listed on OpenLedger|last=Buntinx|first=JP|date=28 April 2016|publisher=The Merkle|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>* Improved Verbesserte [[digital rights managementDRM]] for music-Systeme für Musik: [[Imogen Heap]] used the technologybenutzte diese Technologie<ref name="Allison-4-Oct-2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/imogen-heap-shows-how-music-smart-contracts-work-using-ethereum-1522331|title=Imogen Heap shows how smart music contracts work using Ethereum|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=4 October 2015|website=International Business Times|accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref>* Platforms for Plattformen für [[prediction marketVorhersage-Märkte]]s: ''[[Augur (software)|Augur]], Gnosis''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-prediction-market-service-takes-first-steps-beta-launch/|title=Ethereum Prediction Market Service Takes First Steps With Beta Launch - CoinDesk|date=2016-08-17|newspaper=CoinDesk|access-date=2017-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/ico-roundup-2017-by-cointelegraph-cashing-in-on-blockchain-apps-mainstream-year|title=ICO Roundup 2017 by Cointelegraph: Cashing In On Blockchain Apps’ Mainstream Year|newspaper=CoinTelegraph|access-date=2017-02-06|language=en}}</ref>* Platforms for [[crowdfundingCrowdfunding]]-Plattformen: ''the The DAO'' (short for Kurzform [[decentralized autonomous organizationdezentrale autonome Organisation]])<ref name="sut2016051">{{cite news |last=Rennie|first=Ellie |url=http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/05/the-radical-dao-experiment.php |title=The radical DAO experiment |work=Swinburne News |publisher=Swinburne University of Technology |date=12 May 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2016 |quote=''When it reaches the end of the funding phase on 28 May, it will begin contracting blockchain-based start-ups to create innovative technologies. The extraordinary thing about The DAO is that no single entity owns it, and it has no conventional management structure or board of directors.'' }}</ref><ref name="ibt20160430">{{cite news |last=Allison|first=Ian |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-reinvents-companies-launch-dao-1557576 |title=Ethereum reinvents companies with launch of The DAO |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=30 April 2016 |accessdate=1 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name=WSJDAOCC/>* Social media platforms with economic incentivesPlattformen für Soziale Medien mit Bonuszahlungs-Modell: ''Backfeed,''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geektime.com/2015/08/19/backfeed-wants-to-decentralize-the-internet-and-help-you-earn-what-you-deserve/|title=Backfeed wants to decentralize the Internet and help you earn what you deserve|first=Simona |last=Weinglass|publisher=Geektime.com|date=19 August 2015|accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref> ''Akasha''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.investopedia.com/news/new-social-network-powered-ethereum-technology/|title=This New Social Network is Powered by Ethereum Technology|last=CFA|first=Adam Hayes,|date=2017-02-03|newspaper=Investopedia|access-date=2017-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref>* Decentralized marketplaces for physical itemsDezentrale Marktplätze für physische Waren, financial products or energyFinanzprodukte oder Energie: ''FreeMyVunk,''<ref>{{cite web|title=Game-changers FreeMyVunk and Digix allow video gamers to trade virtual assets for physical gold|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/game-changers-freemyvunk-digix-allow-video-gamers-trade-virtual-assets-physical-gold-1534436|last=Allison|first=Ian|website=International Business Times|date=22 December 2015|accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref> ''Etheropt,''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsbtc.com/2016/03/30/decentralized-options-exchange-etheropt-uses-automated-ethereum-smart-contract/#ether|title=Decentralized Options Exchange Etheropt Uses Automated Ethereum Smart Contract}}</ref> ''TransActive Grid''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2079334-blockchain-based-microgrid-gives-power-to-consumers-in-new-york/|title=Blockchain-based microgrid gives power to consumers in New York|last=Rutkin|first=Aviva|date=2 March 2016|website=New Scientist|accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref>* Mobile payments services for foreign workersBezahlsysteme für Gastarbeiter: ''Everex''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/education-center-2/everex-helps-migrant-workers-send-remittance-back-myanmar-via-ethereum/|title=Everex Helps Migrant Workers Send Remittance Back to Myanmar via Ethereum|last=Mizrahi|first=Avi|date=2016-12-01|website=Finance Magnates|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>* Authenticate users and managing the billing process through smart contractsIntelligente Verträge zur Authentifizierung und dem Management von Nutzern sowie dem Rechnungsprozess: RWE car charging"Car Charging"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coindesk.com/german-utility-company-turns-to-blockchain-amid-shifting-energy-landscape/|title=Why a German Power Company is Using Ethereum to Test Blockchain Car Charging|last=Higgins|first=Stan|date=|work=CoinDesk|access-date=2017-05-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>* Secure Sicher [[Identity management system|identity systemsIdentifikationssysteme]] for the für das Internet: ''uPort''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.econotimes.com/ConsenSys-uPort-wins-International-Blockchain-Summit-315396|title=ConsenSys uPort wins International Blockchain Summit - EconoTimes|last=EconoTimes|newspaper=EconoTimes|access-date=2017-02-06|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/consensys-uport-scoops-first-prize-international-blockchain-summit-demo-day-1582852|title=ConsenSys uPort scoops first prize in International Blockchain Summit Demo Day|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-09-23|newspaper=International Business Times UK|access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref>
=== Enterprise software Unternehmenssoftware ===Ethereum is being tested by [[enterprise software]] companies for various applicationswird derzeit von Unternehmen für eine Reihe von Anwendungen getestet. Interested parties include Zu den Interessenten zählen [[Microsoft]], [[IBM]], [[JPMorgan Chase]],<ref name="NYTEVCRB"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rethink-iot.com/2016/04/01/hyperledger-blockchain-code-almost-comes-together-for-iot/ |title=Hyperledger blockchain code almost comes together for IoT |publisher=Rethink Research|accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref> [[Deloitte]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/deloitte-build-ethereum-based-digital-bank-new-york-citys-consensys-1557864|title=Deloitte to build Ethereum-based 'digital bank' with New York City's ConsenSys|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=3 May 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> [[R3 (company)|R3]],<ref name="ibt20160120">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/r3-connects-11-banks-distributed-ledger-using-ethereum-microsoft-azure-1539044|title=R3 connects 11 banks to distributed ledger using Ethereum and Microsoft Azure|date=20 January 2016|work=International Business Times|last1=Allison|first1=Ian|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> [[Innovate UK]] (cross-border payments prototype).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/uk-government-awards-250000-develop-cross-border-blockchain-prototype/|title=UK Government Awards £248k for Ethereum Prototype|work=CoinDesk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/projects?ref=720735|title=Settlement using blockchain to Automate Foreign Exchange in a Regulated environment (SAFER)|work=[[Innovate UK]]}}</ref>
==== Enterprise -Ethereum Alliance -Allianz (EEA) ====In March Im März 2017, various blockchain startverkündeten eine Reihe [[Blockchain]]-Start-upsUps, research groups, and Forschungsgruppierungen und Unternehmen des Index [[Fortune 500 companies announced the creation of the ]] die Geburt der Enterprise -Ethereum Alliance -Allianz (EEA) with mit 30 founding membersweiteren Gründungsmitgliedern.<ref name="NYTEEA">{{Cite news|last=Popper|first=Nathaniel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/business/dealbook/ethereum-alliance-business-banking-security.html|title=Business Giants to Announce Creation of a Computing System Based on Ethereum|date=2017-02-27|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref> By May, the nonprofit organization had Im Mai zählte diese nicht-kommerzielle Organisation bereits 116 enterprise members Firmen als Mitglieder — including darunter [[ConsenSys]], [[Cornell University#Research|Cornell University's research group]], [[Toyota_Group|Toyota Research Institute]], [[Samsung SDS]], [[Microsoft]], [[Intel]], [[J.P. Morgan]], [[Merck KGaA]], [[Depository Trust %26 Clearing Corporation|DTCC]], [[Deloitte]], [[Accenture]], [[Banco Santander]], [[BNY Mellon]], [[ING Group|ING]], and und die [[National Bank of CanadaNationalbank Kanada]].<ref name="IEEEEEA">{{Cite web|last=Peck|first=Morgan|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/enterprise-ethereum-alliance-launches|title=Corporate Titans Unite to Build an Enterprise Version of the Ethereum Blockchain|date=2017-03-02|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref><ref name="EEA022217">{{Cite press release|url=https://entethalliance.org/enterprise-ethereum-alliance-release-05-19-2017.pdf|title=Enterprise Ethereum Alliance expands dramatically announcing 86 new members|date=2017-05-19|publisher=Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA)|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref><ref name="FORBESEEA">{{Cite web|last=Shin|first=Laura|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/2017/05/22/ethereum-enterprise-alliance-adds-86-new-members-including-dtcc-state-street-and-infosys-and/#7de2037e8ff2|title=Ethereum Enterprise Alliance Adds 86 New Members Including DTCC, State Street And Infosys|date=2017-05-22|publisher=Forbes|access-date=2017-05-22}}</ref>
==== Permissioned ledgers Genehmigte Kassenbücher ====Ethereum is used and being investigated as a wird als [[Blockchain (database)#Openness|permissioned blockchaingenehmigte Blockchain]] in various projectsdiversen Projekten genutzt und genauer untersucht.* [[JPMorgan Chase|J.P. Morgan Chase]] is developing a blockchain, atop eine eigene Blockhain aufbauend auf Ethereum. The systemDas System, dubbed genannt "Quorum," is designed to toe the line between private and public in the realm of shuffling derivatives and paymentswurde entwickelt um die Lücke zwischen privaten und öffentlichen Bereichen im Bereich Derivate und Zahlungen zu schließen. The idea is to satisfy regulators who need seamless access to financial goings-onDie Idee dahinter ist, Kontrolleure zufriedenzustellen, die nahtlosen Zugang zu finanziellen Tätigkeiten benötigen, während gleichzeitig die Privatsphäre der involvierten Parteien gewährleistet bleiben soll, die nicht wünschen, while protecting the privacy of parties that don’t wish to reveal their identities nor the details of their transactions to the general publicdass ihre Identitäten oder Details der Transaktionen öffentlich werden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/10/04/jp-morgan-chase-blockchain-ethereum-quorum/|title=Why J.P. Morgan Chase Is Building a Blockchain on Ethereum|last=Hacket|first=Robert|date=|website=Fortune|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>* DIe [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] has announced that it has built a verkündete, sie habe ein CSM (Clearing and Settlement Mechanism (CSM) based on the basierend auf Ethereum distributed ledger and smart contract platformund intelligenter Verträgeentwickelt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://emerald-platform.gitlab.io/static/emeraldTechnicalPaper.pdf|title=Proving Ethereum for the Clearing Use Case|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/rbs-builds-ethereum-based-distributed-clearing-house-1589897|title=Blockchain: RBS builds Ethereum-based distributed clearing house|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=7 December 2016|website=IB Times|publisher=|access-date= 8 May 2017}}</ref>
== Criticism Kritik ==A finance blogger on Ein Finanz-Blogger kritisierte über ''FT Alphaville has criticised the main '' die öffentliche Blockchain von Ethereum public blockchain and the und die Kryptowährung "etherEther" cryptocurrency for enabling im Allgemeinen, da diese u.a. Betrug nach dem [[Charles-Ponzi scheme|Ponzi schemes-Schema]] and other forms of investment fraudermögliche.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaminska|first1=Izabella|title=It's not a ponzi, it's a smart ponzi|url=https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2017/06/01/2189634/its-not-just-a-ponzi-its-a-smart-ponzi/?mhq5j=e2|publisher=Financial Times - Alphaville|date=1 June 2017}}</ref> The criticism was based on a paper from the Die Kritik bezog sich auf eine Studienarbeit der [[University of Universität Cagliari]], which placed the number of Ethereum welche feststellte, dass von 1.384 untersuchten "smart contracts which facilitate Ponzi schemes at nearly " ca. 10% of 1384 smart contracts examinedBetrug nach diesem Schema seien. HoweverJedoch wurde gleichzeitig geschätzt, it also estimated that only dass nur 0.,05% of the transactions on the network were related to such contractsaller Transaktionen des Netzwerks auf solchen Verträgen basierte.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bartoletti, Carta et al.|title=Dissecting Ponzi schemes on Ethereum: identification, analysis, and impact|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.03779.pdf|accessdate=30 July 2017|publisher=Universita di Cagliari}}</ref>
== References ==
* [https://www.ethereum.org/ Ethereum Foundation (Stiftung Ethereum)]
{{CryptocurrenciesKryptowährungen}}
[[CategoryKategorie:Blockchains]][[CategoryKategorie:Cross-platform softwareplattformübergreifende Software]][[CategoryKategorie:CryptocurrenciesKryptowährungen]]
[[Category:Ethereum]]
[[CategoryKategorie:2015 softwareSoftware]]