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DAO
,Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „Eine '''dezentrale autonome Organisation''' ('''DAO'''), manchmal auch genannt '''dezentrales autonomes Unternehmen''' ('''DAC'''), ist eine Art von Organi…“
Eine '''dezentrale autonome Organisation''' ('''DAO'''), manchmal auch genannt '''dezentrales autonomes Unternehmen''' ('''DAC'''), ist eine Art von [[Organisation]] die durch eine Reihe von Regeln in Betrieb gehalten wird, welche durch Computer-Programme, in diesem Fall [[smart contract]]s, definiert sind.<ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3082055 The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues.] ''Regulation of Financial Institutions Journal'': Social Science Research Network (SSRN). 5 December 2017.</ref><ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|229}} A DAO's financial transaction record and program rules are maintained on a [[Blockchain (database)|blockchain]].<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|229}}<ref name=Hodson20131120/><ref name=Economist20160521/> Der genaue rechtliche Status einer solchen geschäftlichen Organisation ist bis zum heutigen Tag ungeklärt.<ref name=Popper20160521/>
Ein bekanntes Beispiel hierfür, in Bezug auf Wagniskapital-Gründungen, war die [[The DAO (Organisation)|The DAO]], die mit einem durch Crowdfunding gesammelten Budget in Höhe von 150 Millionen US-Dollar im Juni 2016 an den Start ging. Gleich zu Beginn wurde das Projekt durch einen Hackerangriff lahmgelegt und verlor dabei 50 Millionen US-Dollar in Form von Kryptowährungen auf einen Schlag.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital currency Ethereum is cratering amid claims of a $50 million hack|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|first=Rob|last=Price|date=17 June 2016|accessdate=17 June 2016|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Der Hack wurde zwar in den Folgewochen rückgängig gemacht, auch das Geld zurückgeholt, allerdings hatte dies einen Hardfork der Ethereum-Blockchain zur Folge. Sichergestellt wurde der Fork durch eine Abstimmung der Mehrheit über die Ethereum-Blockchain.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
== Hintergrund ==
Decentralized autonomous organizations have been seen by some{{who|date=January 2018}} as difficult to describe.<ref name=Popper20160521/> Decentralized autonomous organizations are typified as the ability of blockchain technology to provide a secure digital [[ledger]] to track financial interactions across the internet, hardened against forgery by [[trusted timestamp]]ing and by dissemination of a [[distributed database]].<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|229}}<ref name=Hodson20131120/><ref name=Wright2015/> This approach eliminates the need to involve a mutually accepted [[trusted third party]] in a financial transaction, thus simplifying the transaction.<ref name=Hodson20131120/> The costs of a blockchain-enabled transaction and of the associated data reporting may be substantially offset by the elimination of both the trusted third party and of the need for repetitive recording of contract exchanges in different records: for example, the blockchain data could, in principle and if regulatory structures permitted, replace public documents such as [[deed]]s and [[Title (property)|title]]s.<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|42}}<ref name=Hodson20131120/> In theory, a blockchain approach allows multiple [[cloud computing]] users to enter a loosely coupled [[peer-to-peer]] [[smart contract]] collaboration.<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|42}}<ref name=Norta2015/>
[[Daniel Larimer]] first proposed the concept of a "Decentralized Organized Company" in an article published on September 7, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://letstalkbitcoin.com/is-bitcoin-overpaying-for-false-security#.Ui-p9WTFT7s|title=Over Paying for Security|work=Let's Talk Bitcoin}}</ref>
[[Vitalik Buterin]] proposed that after a DAO was launched, it might be organized to run without human managerial interactivity, provided the [[smart contract]]s were supported by a [[Turing completeness|Turing complete]] platform.<ref name=Buterin201309/> [[Ethereum]], built on a blockchain and launched in 2015, has been described as meeting that Turing threshold, thus enabling DAOs.<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|229}}<ref name=Pangburn2015/><ref name=Evans2015/> Decentralized autonomous organizations aim to be open platforms where individuals control their identities and their personal data.<ref name=Deegan2014/>
== Examples ==
[[File:Decentralized economy.jpg|thumb|DAOs lead to decentralized economy. Tokens allow contribution to collective works micropayments and tracks metrics allow algorithmic measures of contribution utility.]]
Examples of DAOs are [[Dash (cryptocurrency)|Dash]], [[The DAO (organization)|The DAO]] and Digix.<ref name=Aitken20160423>{{cite news |last=Aitken|first=R. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogeraitken/2016/04/23/digital-gold-done-right-with-digixdao-crypto-trading-on-openledger/#3fe08e694cf6 |title=Digital Gold 'Done Right' With DigixDAO Crypto-Trading On OpenLedger |work=Forbes |date=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
== Issues ==
It can be difficult for a DAO to retain an attorney, or enter any kind of written contract because nobody in the company is interested in putting their personal name on agreements.
===Social===
Shareholder participation in DAOs can be problematic. For example, ''[[BitShares]]'' has seen a lack of voting participation, because it takes time and energy to consider proposals.<ref name=Economist20160521/>
=== Legal liability ===
The precise legal status of this type of business organization is unclear;<ref name=Wright2015/> some similar approaches have been regarded by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] as illegal offers of unregistered [[Security (finance)|securities]].<ref name=Popper20160521/><ref name=SEC20140603/><ref name=Hinkes20160519/> Although unclear, a DAO may functionally be a corporation without legal status as a corporation: a [[general partnership]].<ref name=Levine20160517/> This means potentially [[limited liability|unlimited legal liability]] for participants, even if the smart contract code or the DAO's promoters say otherwise.<ref name=Levine20160517/> Known participants, or those at the interface between a DAO and regulated financial systems, may be targets for regulatory enforcement or civil actions.<ref name=Levine20160517/><!--=== Regulation and enforcement === probably should add something about state/less etc-->
=== Security ===
The code of a given DAO will be difficult to alter once the system is up and running, including bug fixes that would be otherwise trivial in centralised code. Corrections for a DAO would require writing new code and agreement to migrate all the funds. Although the code is visible to all, it is hard to repair, thus leaving known security holes open to exploitation unless a moratorium is called to enable bug fixing.<ref name=Peck20160528/>
In 2016, a specific DAO, The DAO, set a record for the largest [[crowdfunding]] campaign to date.<ref name=Castillo20160512/><ref name=Vigna20160516/><ref name=Waters20160517/> However, researchers pointed out multiple issues in the code of The DAO. The operational procedure for The DAO allows investors to withdraw at will any money that has not yet been committed to a project; the funds could thus deplete quickly.<ref name=Economist20160521/> Although safeguards aim to prevent gaming the voting of shareholders to win investments,<ref name=Popper20160521/> there were a "number of security vulnerabilities".<ref name=Popper20160527/> These enabled an attempted large withdrawal of funds from The DAO that was initiated in mid-June 2016.<ref name=Popper20160617/><ref name=Price20160617/><ref name=Cimpanu20160618/> However, after much debate, on the 20th July 2016, the [[Ethereum]] community arrived at a consensus decision to hard fork the Ethereum blockchain to [[bailout|bail out]] the original contract.<ref>https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/20/hard-fork-completed/</ref>
===Legacy===
In 2017, Italian entrepreneur [[Stefano Covolan]] conceived of and implemented through his company, Korporatio, a DAO derivative system he has named a [[Compliant Blockchain Company]] or CBC, with the aim of overcoming the inherent flaws in the DAO concept. These CBCs are purportedly legal entities, specifically [[Republic of Seychelles]] International Business Companies.
== See also ==
{{Wikiversity}}
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[Distributed computing]]
* [[Incentive-centered design]]
* [[List of highest funded crowdfunding projects]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<--This reference list is organized alphanumerically by arbitrary ref name-->
<ref name=Buterin201309>{{cite web |first1=V.|last1=Buterin |date=20 September 2013 |url=https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-i-1379644274 |title=Bootstrapping A Decentralized Autonomous Corporation: Part I |website= [[Bitcoin Magazine]]|publisher= |type=News|accessdate=23 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Castillo20160512>{{cite web |last=del Castillo|first=M. |url=http://www.coindesk.com/the-dao-just-raised-50-million-but-what-is-it/ |title=The DAO: Or How A Leaderless Ethereum-Based Organization Raised $50 Million (Even Though No One Quite Knows What It Is) |work=CoinDesk |accessdate=13 May 2016|date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Cimpanu20160618>{{cite web |last=Cimpanu|first= C. |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/dao-ether-trading-platform-to-shut-down-following-ongoing-cyber-heist-505381.shtml |title=DAO Ether Trading Platform to Shut Down Following Ongoing Cyber-Heist - DAO creator says platform is shutting down |work=Softpedia |date=June 18, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Deegan2014>{{cite book |title=From Bitcoin to Burning Man and Beyond: The Quest for Identity and Autonomy in a Digital Society |editor1-last=Clippinger|editor1-first=JH |editor2-last=Bollier|editor2-first=D |url= |format= |access-date= |year=2014 |chapter=Chapter 14—The Relational Matrix: The Free and Emergent Organizations of Digital Groups and Identities |last1=Deegan|first1=P. |pages=160–176 |publisher=Institute for Institutional Innovation |location=Amherst, Massachusetts |language = |isbn=978-1-937146-58-0 |quote=''creating an operational and autonomous Trust Framework [that can i]ntegrate with a secure discovery service in the form of a Decentralized Autonomous Organization asserting itself as a publicly accessible Portal Trusted Compute Cell (TCC) with APIs that... ...intended to provide a powerful new self-deploying and self-administrating infrastructure layer for the Internet, which gives individuals control over their identities and their data, and which enables the formation and self-governance of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, Authorities and Enterprises to enable the creation and exchange of "digital assets."'' }}</ref>
<ref name=Economist20160521>{{cite news |last=|first=|url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21699159-new-automated-investment-fund-has-attracted-stacks-digital-money-dao |title=The DAO of accrue: A new, automated investment fund has attracted stacks of digital money |work=The Economist |date=21 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Evans2015>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/01/vapor-no-more-ethereum-has-launched/|title=Vapor No More: Ethereum Has Launched|website=www.techcrunch.com|last1=Evans|first1=J.|date=1 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Hinkes20160519>Hinkes A. The Law of The DAO. CoinDesk. May 19, 2016 [http://www.coindesk.com/the-law-of-the-dao/ The Law of The DAO]</ref>
<ref name=Hodson20131120>{{cite news |last=Hodson|first=H. |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24620-bitcoin-moves-beyond-mere-money.html |title=Bitcoin moves beyond mere money |work=New Scientist|date=20 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Levine20160517>{{cite web|title=Blockchain Company Wants to Reinvent Companies|first=M.|last=Levine|work=Bloomberg View: Wall Street|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=17 May 2016|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-05-17/blockchain-company-wants-to-reinvent-companies}}</ref>
<ref name=Norta2015>Norta A. Creation of Smart-Contracting Collaborations for Decentralized Autonomous Organizations. 18 August 2015 Perspectives in Business Informatics Research. Volume 229 of the series Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing pp 3-17</ref>
<ref name=Pangburn2015>{{cite web|first1=DJ.|last1=Pangburn|date=19 June 2015 |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3047462/the-humans-who-dream-of-companies-that-wont-need-them |title=The Humans Who Dream Of Companies That Won't Need Us |website= [[FastCompany]]|publisher= }}</ref>
<ref name=Peck20160528>{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|title=Ethereum's $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt|first=M.|last=Peck|date=28 May 2016|work=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]}}</ref>
<ref name=Popper20160521>{{cite web|first1=N.|last1=Popper|date=21 May 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/business/dealbook/crypto-ether-bitcoin-currency.html |title=A Venture Fund With Plenty of Virtual Capital, but No Capitalist |publisher=New York Times }}</ref>
<ref name=Popper20160527>{{cite web|first1=N.|last1=Popper|date=27 May 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/business/dealbook/paper-points-up-flaws-in-venture-fund-based-on-virtual-money.html |title=Paper Points Up Flaws in Venture Fund Based on Virtual Money |publisher=New York Times }}</ref>
<ref name=Popper20160617>{{cite web|first1=N.|last1=Popper|date=17 June 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/business/dealbook/hacker-may-have-removed-more-than-50-million-from-experimental-cybercurrency-project.html |title=Hacker May Have Taken $50 Million From Cybercurrency Project |publisher=New York Times }}</ref>
<ref name=Price20160617>{{cite web|title=Digital currency Ethereum is cratering amid claims of a $50 million hack|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|first=R|last=Price|date=17 June 2016|accessdate=17 June 2016|work=Business Insider}}</ref>
<ref name=SEC20140603>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/News/PressRelease/Detail/PressRelease/1370541972520|title=SEC Charges Bitcoin Entrepreneur With Offering Unregistered Securities|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|date=3 June 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=Vigna20150127>{{cite book |last1=Vigna |first1=P |last2=Casey |first2=MJ |date=January 27, 2015 |title=The Age of Cryptocurrency: How Bitcoin and the Blockchain Are Challenging the Global Economic Order |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9781250065636 }}</ref>
<ref name=Vigna20160516>{{cite news |last=Vigna|first=P. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefless-company-rakes-in-more-than-100-million-1463399393 |title=Chiefless Company Rakes In More Than $100 Million |work=Wall Street Journal |date=16 May 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=Waters20160517>{{cite news |last=Waters|first=R. |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/17/automated-company-raises-equivalent-of-120-million-in-digital-currency.html |title=Automated company raises equivalent of $120M in digital currency |work=Financial Times |date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Wright2015>{{cite paper|last1=Wright|first1=A|last2=De Filippi|first2=P. |ssrn=2580664|title= Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia |date=March 10, 2015 }}</ref>
}}
==External links==
* [https://digix.global/ Digix.io]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Distributed Computing}}
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Applications of cryptography]]
[[Category:Blockchains]]
[[Category:Computer law]]
[[Category:Computer networking]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Distributed computing]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Production economics]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]
Ein bekanntes Beispiel hierfür, in Bezug auf Wagniskapital-Gründungen, war die [[The DAO (Organisation)|The DAO]], die mit einem durch Crowdfunding gesammelten Budget in Höhe von 150 Millionen US-Dollar im Juni 2016 an den Start ging. Gleich zu Beginn wurde das Projekt durch einen Hackerangriff lahmgelegt und verlor dabei 50 Millionen US-Dollar in Form von Kryptowährungen auf einen Schlag.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital currency Ethereum is cratering amid claims of a $50 million hack|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|first=Rob|last=Price|date=17 June 2016|accessdate=17 June 2016|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Der Hack wurde zwar in den Folgewochen rückgängig gemacht, auch das Geld zurückgeholt, allerdings hatte dies einen Hardfork der Ethereum-Blockchain zur Folge. Sichergestellt wurde der Fork durch eine Abstimmung der Mehrheit über die Ethereum-Blockchain.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
== Hintergrund ==
Decentralized autonomous organizations have been seen by some{{who|date=January 2018}} as difficult to describe.<ref name=Popper20160521/> Decentralized autonomous organizations are typified as the ability of blockchain technology to provide a secure digital [[ledger]] to track financial interactions across the internet, hardened against forgery by [[trusted timestamp]]ing and by dissemination of a [[distributed database]].<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|229}}<ref name=Hodson20131120/><ref name=Wright2015/> This approach eliminates the need to involve a mutually accepted [[trusted third party]] in a financial transaction, thus simplifying the transaction.<ref name=Hodson20131120/> The costs of a blockchain-enabled transaction and of the associated data reporting may be substantially offset by the elimination of both the trusted third party and of the need for repetitive recording of contract exchanges in different records: for example, the blockchain data could, in principle and if regulatory structures permitted, replace public documents such as [[deed]]s and [[Title (property)|title]]s.<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|42}}<ref name=Hodson20131120/> In theory, a blockchain approach allows multiple [[cloud computing]] users to enter a loosely coupled [[peer-to-peer]] [[smart contract]] collaboration.<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|42}}<ref name=Norta2015/>
[[Daniel Larimer]] first proposed the concept of a "Decentralized Organized Company" in an article published on September 7, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://letstalkbitcoin.com/is-bitcoin-overpaying-for-false-security#.Ui-p9WTFT7s|title=Over Paying for Security|work=Let's Talk Bitcoin}}</ref>
[[Vitalik Buterin]] proposed that after a DAO was launched, it might be organized to run without human managerial interactivity, provided the [[smart contract]]s were supported by a [[Turing completeness|Turing complete]] platform.<ref name=Buterin201309/> [[Ethereum]], built on a blockchain and launched in 2015, has been described as meeting that Turing threshold, thus enabling DAOs.<ref name=Vigna20150127/>{{rp|229}}<ref name=Pangburn2015/><ref name=Evans2015/> Decentralized autonomous organizations aim to be open platforms where individuals control their identities and their personal data.<ref name=Deegan2014/>
== Examples ==
[[File:Decentralized economy.jpg|thumb|DAOs lead to decentralized economy. Tokens allow contribution to collective works micropayments and tracks metrics allow algorithmic measures of contribution utility.]]
Examples of DAOs are [[Dash (cryptocurrency)|Dash]], [[The DAO (organization)|The DAO]] and Digix.<ref name=Aitken20160423>{{cite news |last=Aitken|first=R. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogeraitken/2016/04/23/digital-gold-done-right-with-digixdao-crypto-trading-on-openledger/#3fe08e694cf6 |title=Digital Gold 'Done Right' With DigixDAO Crypto-Trading On OpenLedger |work=Forbes |date=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
== Issues ==
It can be difficult for a DAO to retain an attorney, or enter any kind of written contract because nobody in the company is interested in putting their personal name on agreements.
===Social===
Shareholder participation in DAOs can be problematic. For example, ''[[BitShares]]'' has seen a lack of voting participation, because it takes time and energy to consider proposals.<ref name=Economist20160521/>
=== Legal liability ===
The precise legal status of this type of business organization is unclear;<ref name=Wright2015/> some similar approaches have been regarded by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] as illegal offers of unregistered [[Security (finance)|securities]].<ref name=Popper20160521/><ref name=SEC20140603/><ref name=Hinkes20160519/> Although unclear, a DAO may functionally be a corporation without legal status as a corporation: a [[general partnership]].<ref name=Levine20160517/> This means potentially [[limited liability|unlimited legal liability]] for participants, even if the smart contract code or the DAO's promoters say otherwise.<ref name=Levine20160517/> Known participants, or those at the interface between a DAO and regulated financial systems, may be targets for regulatory enforcement or civil actions.<ref name=Levine20160517/><!--=== Regulation and enforcement === probably should add something about state/less etc-->
=== Security ===
The code of a given DAO will be difficult to alter once the system is up and running, including bug fixes that would be otherwise trivial in centralised code. Corrections for a DAO would require writing new code and agreement to migrate all the funds. Although the code is visible to all, it is hard to repair, thus leaving known security holes open to exploitation unless a moratorium is called to enable bug fixing.<ref name=Peck20160528/>
In 2016, a specific DAO, The DAO, set a record for the largest [[crowdfunding]] campaign to date.<ref name=Castillo20160512/><ref name=Vigna20160516/><ref name=Waters20160517/> However, researchers pointed out multiple issues in the code of The DAO. The operational procedure for The DAO allows investors to withdraw at will any money that has not yet been committed to a project; the funds could thus deplete quickly.<ref name=Economist20160521/> Although safeguards aim to prevent gaming the voting of shareholders to win investments,<ref name=Popper20160521/> there were a "number of security vulnerabilities".<ref name=Popper20160527/> These enabled an attempted large withdrawal of funds from The DAO that was initiated in mid-June 2016.<ref name=Popper20160617/><ref name=Price20160617/><ref name=Cimpanu20160618/> However, after much debate, on the 20th July 2016, the [[Ethereum]] community arrived at a consensus decision to hard fork the Ethereum blockchain to [[bailout|bail out]] the original contract.<ref>https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/20/hard-fork-completed/</ref>
===Legacy===
In 2017, Italian entrepreneur [[Stefano Covolan]] conceived of and implemented through his company, Korporatio, a DAO derivative system he has named a [[Compliant Blockchain Company]] or CBC, with the aim of overcoming the inherent flaws in the DAO concept. These CBCs are purportedly legal entities, specifically [[Republic of Seychelles]] International Business Companies.
== See also ==
{{Wikiversity}}
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[Distributed computing]]
* [[Incentive-centered design]]
* [[List of highest funded crowdfunding projects]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<--This reference list is organized alphanumerically by arbitrary ref name-->
<ref name=Buterin201309>{{cite web |first1=V.|last1=Buterin |date=20 September 2013 |url=https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-i-1379644274 |title=Bootstrapping A Decentralized Autonomous Corporation: Part I |website= [[Bitcoin Magazine]]|publisher= |type=News|accessdate=23 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Castillo20160512>{{cite web |last=del Castillo|first=M. |url=http://www.coindesk.com/the-dao-just-raised-50-million-but-what-is-it/ |title=The DAO: Or How A Leaderless Ethereum-Based Organization Raised $50 Million (Even Though No One Quite Knows What It Is) |work=CoinDesk |accessdate=13 May 2016|date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Cimpanu20160618>{{cite web |last=Cimpanu|first= C. |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/dao-ether-trading-platform-to-shut-down-following-ongoing-cyber-heist-505381.shtml |title=DAO Ether Trading Platform to Shut Down Following Ongoing Cyber-Heist - DAO creator says platform is shutting down |work=Softpedia |date=June 18, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Deegan2014>{{cite book |title=From Bitcoin to Burning Man and Beyond: The Quest for Identity and Autonomy in a Digital Society |editor1-last=Clippinger|editor1-first=JH |editor2-last=Bollier|editor2-first=D |url= |format= |access-date= |year=2014 |chapter=Chapter 14—The Relational Matrix: The Free and Emergent Organizations of Digital Groups and Identities |last1=Deegan|first1=P. |pages=160–176 |publisher=Institute for Institutional Innovation |location=Amherst, Massachusetts |language = |isbn=978-1-937146-58-0 |quote=''creating an operational and autonomous Trust Framework [that can i]ntegrate with a secure discovery service in the form of a Decentralized Autonomous Organization asserting itself as a publicly accessible Portal Trusted Compute Cell (TCC) with APIs that... ...intended to provide a powerful new self-deploying and self-administrating infrastructure layer for the Internet, which gives individuals control over their identities and their data, and which enables the formation and self-governance of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, Authorities and Enterprises to enable the creation and exchange of "digital assets."'' }}</ref>
<ref name=Economist20160521>{{cite news |last=|first=|url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21699159-new-automated-investment-fund-has-attracted-stacks-digital-money-dao |title=The DAO of accrue: A new, automated investment fund has attracted stacks of digital money |work=The Economist |date=21 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Evans2015>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/01/vapor-no-more-ethereum-has-launched/|title=Vapor No More: Ethereum Has Launched|website=www.techcrunch.com|last1=Evans|first1=J.|date=1 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Hinkes20160519>Hinkes A. The Law of The DAO. CoinDesk. May 19, 2016 [http://www.coindesk.com/the-law-of-the-dao/ The Law of The DAO]</ref>
<ref name=Hodson20131120>{{cite news |last=Hodson|first=H. |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24620-bitcoin-moves-beyond-mere-money.html |title=Bitcoin moves beyond mere money |work=New Scientist|date=20 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Levine20160517>{{cite web|title=Blockchain Company Wants to Reinvent Companies|first=M.|last=Levine|work=Bloomberg View: Wall Street|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=17 May 2016|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-05-17/blockchain-company-wants-to-reinvent-companies}}</ref>
<ref name=Norta2015>Norta A. Creation of Smart-Contracting Collaborations for Decentralized Autonomous Organizations. 18 August 2015 Perspectives in Business Informatics Research. Volume 229 of the series Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing pp 3-17</ref>
<ref name=Pangburn2015>{{cite web|first1=DJ.|last1=Pangburn|date=19 June 2015 |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3047462/the-humans-who-dream-of-companies-that-wont-need-them |title=The Humans Who Dream Of Companies That Won't Need Us |website= [[FastCompany]]|publisher= }}</ref>
<ref name=Peck20160528>{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|title=Ethereum's $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt|first=M.|last=Peck|date=28 May 2016|work=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]}}</ref>
<ref name=Popper20160521>{{cite web|first1=N.|last1=Popper|date=21 May 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/business/dealbook/crypto-ether-bitcoin-currency.html |title=A Venture Fund With Plenty of Virtual Capital, but No Capitalist |publisher=New York Times }}</ref>
<ref name=Popper20160527>{{cite web|first1=N.|last1=Popper|date=27 May 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/business/dealbook/paper-points-up-flaws-in-venture-fund-based-on-virtual-money.html |title=Paper Points Up Flaws in Venture Fund Based on Virtual Money |publisher=New York Times }}</ref>
<ref name=Popper20160617>{{cite web|first1=N.|last1=Popper|date=17 June 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/business/dealbook/hacker-may-have-removed-more-than-50-million-from-experimental-cybercurrency-project.html |title=Hacker May Have Taken $50 Million From Cybercurrency Project |publisher=New York Times }}</ref>
<ref name=Price20160617>{{cite web|title=Digital currency Ethereum is cratering amid claims of a $50 million hack|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|first=R|last=Price|date=17 June 2016|accessdate=17 June 2016|work=Business Insider}}</ref>
<ref name=SEC20140603>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/News/PressRelease/Detail/PressRelease/1370541972520|title=SEC Charges Bitcoin Entrepreneur With Offering Unregistered Securities|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|date=3 June 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=Vigna20150127>{{cite book |last1=Vigna |first1=P |last2=Casey |first2=MJ |date=January 27, 2015 |title=The Age of Cryptocurrency: How Bitcoin and the Blockchain Are Challenging the Global Economic Order |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9781250065636 }}</ref>
<ref name=Vigna20160516>{{cite news |last=Vigna|first=P. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefless-company-rakes-in-more-than-100-million-1463399393 |title=Chiefless Company Rakes In More Than $100 Million |work=Wall Street Journal |date=16 May 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=Waters20160517>{{cite news |last=Waters|first=R. |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/17/automated-company-raises-equivalent-of-120-million-in-digital-currency.html |title=Automated company raises equivalent of $120M in digital currency |work=Financial Times |date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=Wright2015>{{cite paper|last1=Wright|first1=A|last2=De Filippi|first2=P. |ssrn=2580664|title= Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia |date=March 10, 2015 }}</ref>
}}
==External links==
* [https://digix.global/ Digix.io]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Distributed Computing}}
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Applications of cryptography]]
[[Category:Blockchains]]
[[Category:Computer law]]
[[Category:Computer networking]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Distributed computing]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Production economics]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]
Spenden-Adressen:
BTC: 1EoecgUZnAjamUYaKstqwbremQqbucTaoZ 
ETH: 0x0D2Ab63dfe70a7fA12f9d66eCfEA9dDc8F5173A8 
XEM: NBZPMU-XES6ST-ITEBR3-IHAPTR-APGI3Y-RAAMHV-VZFJ 
XVG: DGYmzxoe3ryK6MnsR13GqR9r1NThpxPcKs 
