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=== Frühzeit (2012–2017) === | === Frühzeit (2012–2017) === | ||
[[File:Etheria presentation Devcon1.jpg|thumb|Präsentation Etheria auf der DEVCON 1, 13. November 13 2015 | [[File:Etheria presentation Devcon1.jpg|thumb|Präsentation Etheria auf der DEVCON 1, 13. November 13 2015]] | ||
Das erste nur kurz bestehende NFT wurde am 3. Mai 2014 von Kevin McCoy und Anil Dash erstellt, live bei der Konferenz Seven on Seven im Neuen Museum in New York City. Das Experiment stellte die Premiere eines non-fungible, tauschbaren Tokens dar, verknüpft mit einem einzigartigen Kunstwerk und festgeschrieben in Metadaten der Kryptowährung [[Namecoin]].<ref name="dash">{{Cite web|last=Dash|first=Anil|date=2021-04-02|title=NFTs Weren't Supposed to End Like This|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/nfts-werent-supposed-end-like/618488/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Es stand in starkem Kontrast zur fungiblen, mehrere Einheiten umfassenden, ohne jegliche Metadaten auskommendenden Kryptowährungen und Plattformen zu dieser Zeit. | |||
Im Oktober 2015 startete schließlich das erste NFT-Projekt, [[Etheria]], welches live auf der DEVCON 1 vorgestellt wurde, der ersten Entwicklerkonferenz zu Ethereum in London, Großbritannien. Dies lediglich drei Monate nach Start von Ethereum selbst. Die meisten der durch Etheria käuflich erhältlichen und handelbaren 457 hexagonalen Kacheln konnten über fünf Jahre lang nicht veräußert werden; erst im März 2021 führte das neuzeitliche Interesse dazu, dass die Kacheln als Kaufobjekte interessant wurden. Innerhalb von 24 Stunden wurden alle Kacheln der aktuellen und Vorgängerversion für 1 ETH (0,43$ zur Zeit des Starts) verkauft: es wurden am Ende 1,4 Millionen US-Dollar eingenommen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cult of CryptoPunks|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/04/08/the-cult-of-cryptopunks/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
=== | === Öffentliche Wahrnehmung (2017–2021) === | ||
Im Jahr 2017 begann die Ethereum-Blockchain populär zu werden, da diese im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Plattformen wie Bitcoin ein System zur Token-Generierung zur Verfügung stellen konnte. Dies halt ebenso für das Speichern von Tokens, was Drittanbieter-Plattformen überflüssig machte. Auch der Begriff des NFT selbst, als non-fungible token, wurde durch Ethereum erfunden. Im selben Jahr veröffentlichte das US-amerikanische Entwicklerstudio [[Larva Labs]] das Projekt [[CryptoPunks]], eine Art digitale Sammlung an Cartoon-Figuren.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-08|title=Should You Buy a Bitcoin-Inspired Image of Lindsay Lohan?|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-08/bitcoin-btc-mania-boosts-crypto-art-such-as-a-lebron-video-are-nfts-worth-it|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|last=Abbruzzese|first=Jason|title=This ethereum-based project could change how we think about digital art|url=https://mashable.com/2017/06/16/cryptopunks-ethereum-art-collectibles/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Mashable|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chevet|first=Sylve|date=2018-05-10|title=Blockchain Technology and Non-Fungible Tokens: Reshaping Value Chains in Creative Industries|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3212662|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3212662}}</ref> Ende 2017 startete ein weiteres Projekt, [[CryptoKitties]], wo Spieler virtuelle Katzen adoptieren und handeln konnten und auch neue virtuelle Kätzchen durch Züchtung erstellt werden konnten. Das Projekt ging schnell viral, konnte 12,5 Millionen US-Dollar Investitionen einsammeln und es gab Rekordeinnahmen für manche Kätzchen in Höhe von über 100.000 US-Dollar.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-12-04|title=CryptoKitties Mania Overwhelms Ethereum Network's Processing|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-04/cryptokitties-quickly-becomes-most-widely-used-ethereum-app|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CryptoKitties raises $12M from Andreessen Horowitz and Union Square Ventures|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/cryptokitties-raises-12m-from-andreessen-horowitz-and-union-square-ventures/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|date=2017-12-06|title=Meet CryptoKitties, the $100,000 digital beanie babies epitomizing the cryptocurrency mania|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/06/meet-cryptokitties-the-new-digital-beanie-babies-selling-for-100k.html|access-date=2021-04-07|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> | |||
2018 startete [[Decentraland]], eine virtuelle Welt in der Blockchain, die durch eine [[ICO]] 26 Millionen US-Dollar einsammeln konnte. Das interne Wirtschaftssystem war zum September 2018 bereits 20 Millionen US-Dollar wert.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hankin|first=Aaron|title=People are making more than 500% buying property that doesn't actually exist|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/people-are-making-more-than-500-buying-property-that-doesnt-actually-exist-2018-09-04|access-date=2021-04-07|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-06-12|title=How to Make a Killing in Virtual Real Estate|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-12/making-a-killing-in-virtual-real-estate|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref> | |||
2019 patentierte [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] das System [[CryptoKicks]], mit dem durch NFTs die Echtheit von Sneakern in der realen Welt bestätigt werden und KundenInnen eine virtuelle Version des Schuhs zur Verfügung stellen konnte.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gallagher|first=Jacob|date=2021-03-15|title=NFTs Are the Biggest Internet Craze. Do They Work for Sneakers?|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nfts-and-fashion-collectors-pay-big-money-for-virtual-sneakers-11615829266|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> | |||
Im Frühjahr 2020 veröffentlichten die EntwicklerInnen von CryptoKitties, [[Dapper Labs]], eine Betaversion der DApp [[NBA TopShot]], einem Projekt zum Verkauf von Sammelobjekten von NBA-Highlights als NFT-Token.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CryptoKitties developer launches NBA TopShot, a new blockchain-based collectible collab with the NBA|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/05/27/cryptokitties-developer-launches-nba-top-shot-a-new-blockchain-based-collectible-collab-with-the-nba/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> Das Projekt baut auf der Plattfrom Flow auf, eine Blockchain-Plattform, die im Vergleich zu Ethereum effizienter sein soll.<ref name="Engadget 2021-03-11 Ref1" /> Ende 2020 ging das Projekt live, die Bruttoeinnahmen sollen sich bis zum Februar 2021 auf 230 Millionen US-Dollar belaufen haben.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Jabari|date=2021-02-28|title=People have spent more than $230 million buying and trading digital collectibles of NBA highlights|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/28/230-million-dollars-spent-on-nba-top-shot.html|access-date=2021-04-09|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> | |||
Über das gesamte Jahr 2020 verzeichnete der NFT-Markt ein schnelles Wachstum, der Wert verdreifachte sich auf 250 Millionen US-Dollar.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=The NFT Market Tripled Last Year, and It's Gaining Even More Momentum in 2021|url=https://www.morningbrew.com/emerging-tech/stories/2021/02/22/nft-market-tripled-last-year-gaining-even-momentum-2021|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Morning Brew}}</ref> In the first three months of 2021, more than $200 million were spent on NFTs.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=NFTs Are Shaking Up the Art World—But They Could Change So Much More|url=https://time.com/5947720/nft-art/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Time}}</ref> | |||
=== NFT | === NFT-Höhepunkte (2021–heute) === | ||
2021 stieg das Interesse in NFTs erneut. Blockchains wie [[Ethereum]], Flow und [[Tezos]] etablierten spezielle Standards, die gewährleisteten, dass ein digitaler Gegenstand einzigartig und echt bleibt. NFTs werden heute dazu genutzt digitale Werke aus Kunst, Musik, Sport und Unterhaltung in Handelsware umzuwandeln, während die meisten Objekte über Ethereum erhältlich sind oder über Blockchains vertrieben werden, die ihre eigene Art von NFTs erstellen können.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=Mitchell|date=2021-03-03|title=People are spending millions on NFTs. What? Why?|url=https://www.theverge.com/22310188/nft-explainer-what-is-blockchain-crypto-art-faq|access-date=2021-04-15|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> A number of high-profile sales were made just in the first few months of the year.<ref name=":112">{{Cite news|last=Howcroft|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-03-17|title=Explainer: NFTs are hot. So what are they?|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currency-nft-explainer-idUSKBN2B92MA|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref> In February 2021, the musician [[Grimes (musician)|Grimes]] sold around $6 million worth of tokens representing digital art on [[Nifty Gateway]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=2021-03-01|title=Grimes sold $6 million worth of digital art as NFTs|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/1/22308075/grimes-nft-6-million-sales-nifty-gateway-warnymph|access-date=2021-04-07|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> Later that month, an NFT representing the meme animation [[Nyan Cat]] was sold in an Internet marketplace for just under $600,000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Griffith|first=Erin|date=2021-02-22|title=Why an Animated Flying Cat With a Pop-Tart Body Sold for Almost $600,000|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/business/nft-nba-top-shot-crypto.html|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On February 28, 2021, electronic dance musician 3LAU sold a collection of 33 NFTs for a total of $11.7 million to commemorate the three-year anniversary of his ''Ultraviolet'' album.<ref name=":4" /> On March 5, 2021, the band Kings of Leon became the first to sell a newly released album, When You See Yourself, in the form of an NFT, generating a reported $2 million in sales.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hissong|first=Samantha|date=2021-03-03|title=Kings of Leon Will Be the First Band to Release an Album as an NFT|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/news/kings-of-leon-when-you-see-yourself-album-nft-crypto-1135192/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hissong|first=Samantha|date=2021-03-09|title=Music NFTs Have Gone Mainstream. Who's In?|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/features/music-nfts-timeline-kings-of-leon-grimes-3lau-1138437/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> On March 11, 2021, American digital artist Beeple's work ''[[Everydays: the First 5000 Days|Everydays: The First 5000 Days]]'' became the first NFT artwork to be listed at prominent auction house [[Christie's]] and sold for $69.3 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beeple's masterwork: the first purely digital artwork offered at Christie's {{!}} Christie's|url=https://www.christies.com/features/Monumental-collage-by-Beeple-is-first-purely-digital-artwork-NFT-to-come-to-auction-11510-7.aspx|access-date=2021-04-07|website=www.christies.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Beeple Brings Crypto to Christie’s">{{Cite news|last=Thaddeus-Johns|first=Josie|date=February 24, 2021|title=Beeple Brings Crypto to Christie's|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/24/arts/design/christies-beeple-nft.html|access-date=March 12, 2021}}</ref> On March 22, 2021, [[Jack Dorsey]], founder of [[Twitter]] and [[Square, Inc.|Square]], sold an NFT representing his first tweet for over $2.5 million.<ref name=":53" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Next Frontier of the NFT Gold Rush: Your Tweets|language=en-us|work=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/nft-art-market-tweets/|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> | |||
The speculative market for NFTs has led more investors to trade at greater volumes and rates.<ref name="Beeple Brings Crypto to Christie’s" /> The buying surge of NFTs was called an [[economic bubble]] by experts, who also compared it to the [[Dot-com bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reyburn|first=Scott|date=2021-03-30|title=Art's NFT Question: Next Frontier in Trading, or a New Form of Tulip?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/arts/design/nft-bubble.html|access-date=2021-05-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Small|first=Zachary|date=2021-04-28|title=As Auctioneers and Artists Rush Into NFTs, Many Collectors Stay Away|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/arts/design/nfts-art-collectors-copyright.html|access-date=2021-05-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By mid-April 2021, demand appeared to have substantially subsided, causing prices to fall significantly; early buyers were reported to have "done supremely well" by ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tarmy |first1=James |last2=Kharif |first2=Olga |title=These Crypto Bros Want to Be the Guggenheims of NFT Art |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-04-15/nft-collectors-this-is-who-s-buying-beeple-pak-mad-dog-jones-micah-johnson |access-date=April 29, 2021 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=April 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaw|first=Anny|title=NFT prices are plummeting. What could this mean for the art world?|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/nft-bubble-burst-prices-art-world-tan/index.html|access-date=2021-05-03|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> An NFT of the [[source code]] of the [[World Wide Web]], credited to internet inventor computer scientist Sir [[Tim Berners-Lee]], was auctioned in June 2021 by [[Sotheby’s]] in [[London]],<ref>{{cite news |title=NFT representing Tim Berners-Lee’s source code for the web to go on sale |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/15/nft-representing-tim-berners-lee-source-code-world-wide-web-sale-auction |access-date=30 June 2021 |agency=theguardian.com |publisher=theguardian.com |date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This Changed Everything: Source Code for WWW x Tim Berners-Lee, an NFT |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft/source-code-for-the-www |website=sothebys.com |publisher=sothebys.com |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The web’s source code is being auctioned as an NFT by inventor Tim Berners-Lee |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/15/web-nft-source-code-is-being-auctioned-by-inventor-tim-berners-lee.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |agency=cnbc.com |publisher=cnbc.com |date=15 June 2021}}</ref> and was sold for USD$5.4.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawler |first1=Richard |title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s web source code NFT sells for $5.4 million |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/30/22557765/www-nft-tim-berners-lee-sothebys-source-code |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=The Verge |publisher=VOX Media |date=30 June 2021}}</ref> | The speculative market for NFTs has led more investors to trade at greater volumes and rates.<ref name="Beeple Brings Crypto to Christie’s" /> The buying surge of NFTs was called an [[economic bubble]] by experts, who also compared it to the [[Dot-com bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reyburn|first=Scott|date=2021-03-30|title=Art's NFT Question: Next Frontier in Trading, or a New Form of Tulip?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/arts/design/nft-bubble.html|access-date=2021-05-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Small|first=Zachary|date=2021-04-28|title=As Auctioneers and Artists Rush Into NFTs, Many Collectors Stay Away|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/arts/design/nfts-art-collectors-copyright.html|access-date=2021-05-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By mid-April 2021, demand appeared to have substantially subsided, causing prices to fall significantly; early buyers were reported to have "done supremely well" by ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tarmy |first1=James |last2=Kharif |first2=Olga |title=These Crypto Bros Want to Be the Guggenheims of NFT Art |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-04-15/nft-collectors-this-is-who-s-buying-beeple-pak-mad-dog-jones-micah-johnson |access-date=April 29, 2021 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=April 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaw|first=Anny|title=NFT prices are plummeting. What could this mean for the art world?|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/nft-bubble-burst-prices-art-world-tan/index.html|access-date=2021-05-03|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> An NFT of the [[source code]] of the [[World Wide Web]], credited to internet inventor computer scientist Sir [[Tim Berners-Lee]], was auctioned in June 2021 by [[Sotheby’s]] in [[London]],<ref>{{cite news |title=NFT representing Tim Berners-Lee’s source code for the web to go on sale |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/15/nft-representing-tim-berners-lee-source-code-world-wide-web-sale-auction |access-date=30 June 2021 |agency=theguardian.com |publisher=theguardian.com |date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This Changed Everything: Source Code for WWW x Tim Berners-Lee, an NFT |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft/source-code-for-the-www |website=sothebys.com |publisher=sothebys.com |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The web’s source code is being auctioned as an NFT by inventor Tim Berners-Lee |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/15/web-nft-source-code-is-being-auctioned-by-inventor-tim-berners-lee.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |agency=cnbc.com |publisher=cnbc.com |date=15 June 2021}}</ref> and was sold for USD$5.4.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawler |first1=Richard |title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s web source code NFT sells for $5.4 million |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/30/22557765/www-nft-tim-berners-lee-sothebys-source-code |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=The Verge |publisher=VOX Media |date=30 June 2021}}</ref> | ||